This left the Tsardom to be passed to Ivan's younger son, the weak and intellectually disabled Feodor Ivanovich. In one such outburst, he killed his groomed and chosen heir Ivan Ivanovich. Historic sources present disparate accounts of Ivan's complex personality: he was described as intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental illness that increased with his age, affecting his reign. Ivan managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the first ruler to be crowned as Tsar of All the Russians. His long reign saw the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, transforming Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state spanning almost one billion acres, approximately 4,046,856 km2 (1,562,500 sq mi). Ivan IV Vasilyevich, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, (Ivan Grozny literally "Ivan the Formidable"), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death. The Grand Duchy of Moscow or Grand Principality of Moscow (also known in English simply as Muscovy), was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.
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